GROSS NATIONAL HAPPINESS
Gross National Happiness (GNH) is a unique development philosophy, propounded by the fourth king of Bhutan. GNH emphasizes the pursuit and achievement of happiness – a fundamental human desire – as the end of socio-economic development. In other words, GNH places happiness as the primary goal of development.
Understanding the fact that material growth necessarily does not translate into happiness, the GNH approach to development aspires to balance the spiritual and emotional well being with material needs of individuals and the society at large. GNH recognizes the importance of economic growth as essential, but not an end in itself, to support and nurture the spiritual and social needs of the community.
GNH is the overarching philosophy that guides government policies and development activities in Bhutan.
The Four Pillars of Gross National Happiness
Gross National Happiness contains four main pillars:
- Sustainable and equitable socio-economic development
- Conservation of environment
- Preservation and promotion of culture
- Promotion of good governance
GNH lays utmost emphasis on sustainable and equitable socio-economic development by prioritizing social development as much as economic growth. Sustainable development is the core principle of any development activity as it ensures long-term benefits, for the current and future Bhutanese generations. This is marked by huge government spending on social sectors like health and education. It is estimated that over 30% of the national budget of Bhutan is placed on the social sector.
Development and conservation of environment goes hand in hand in Bhutan. The constitution itself states that the country must preserve 60% forest coverage for all times to come. Environmental conservation is valued widely throughout Bhutanese society as it is a source of livelihood as many Bhutanese depend on natural environment. Most Bhutanese accept the fact that the environment should be preserved for others and the future generation, limiting severe environmental degradation.
The preservation of unique Bhutanese culture is essential especially at a time of globalization. Strong community feeling, family bonding and social harmony, Buddhist values of kindness and compassion, among others are fundamental characteristics of Bhutanese social fabric. It is widely believed that a decline in traditional heritage and culture will lead to a general dissatisfaction of society and has therefore preservation of culture is a high government priority. This is observed in the school system as all children are taught Bhutanese cultural values.
Good governance is apparent through the government’s dedication in promoting happiness and well being of its citizens. Access to public services have made been easier through the use of information and communications technology. Lot of emphasis has also been laid in creating a corruption free governance system.